Origen of Alexandria

In his own words on Judges

• Judges 2:7

  Who are these elders who either came with Joshua/Jesus or after him, if not the very apostles who illumined our hearts by their writings and precepts, even bringing a certain kind of "day" among us from that "true light" in which they were partakers? Whoever, therefore, is enlightened and instructed from the precepts of the apostles and is ordained according to the apostolic rules for the service of the Lord is the very person who is said to serve the Lord in the days of the elders who came after Jesus. Do you wish to see that the apostles also were the "light of the world," just as the Savior "was the true light which illumines every person coming into the world"2? The Lord himself said to them, as it is written in the Gospel, "You are the light of the world." But if the apostles are also the light of the world, then the "days" in which "we serve the Lord" undoubtedly illuminate us through their precepts and commandments.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 1.2

• Judges 2:7

  It mentions "the days of the elders who knew all the works of the Lord." Who is the person who "knows all the works of the Lord," except the one who does them himself? For just as it was said that the sons of Eli were "sons of pestilence, having no knowledge of the Lord," yet not meaning that these men who taught others were ignorant of the Lord, but rather that they behaved like those who did not know the Lord, so also in like manner is this statement to be understood that the elders "knew all the works of the Lord." Moreover, it does not merely say that "they knew the works of the Lord" but specifies that "they knew every work of the Lord," that is, that they knew the Lord's work of justice and work of sanctification and patience and kindness and piety, for everything that comes from the commandments of God is called a "work of the Lord." … Therefore, they are said to "know" the work of God who do his work. But that its customary use of "to know" and "not to know" may shine still more clearly from the authority of the Scriptures, observe how it is written elsewhere that "he who keeps the commandment," it says, "will not know an evil word." Can, therefore, one who keeps the commandments become one who does not know evil? He knows, of course, but "not know" is said of him because he is careful to avoid the evil. It is even said of the Lord and Savior himself that "he did not know sin," certainly indicating in this case that to be ignorant of sin is equivalent to refraining from every sinful act. In this way, therefore, he is said to "know the works of the Lord" who performs "the works of the Lord," whereas he who does not do the work of God is ignorant of the work of God.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 1.4

• Judges 2:8

  Joshua's death is also recounted for us. But it is nothing unusual that he who was the "son of Nun" died, for everything that is owed to nature gets paid. Yet, because we have established that what is read here about the son of Nun must be seen as referring to our Lord Jesus Christ, we need to ask how is it befitting to say that "Jesus died." It is my opinion, though speaking according to the authority of Scripture, that Jesus lives in certain persons and is dead in other persons. Jesus lives in Paul and in Peter and in all those who can rightly say, "It is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me." and, again, "But for me to live is Christ and to die is profit." In persons such as those, therefore, Jesus is rightly said to live. But in whom is Jesus dead? He is dead in those persons, undoubtedly, who are said to insult the death of Jesus by frequently repenting and then failing again, persons whom the apostle describes in his letter to the Hebrews as "crucifying the Son of God again for their own sake and holding him out for show." You can see why, therefore, Jesus is not only said to be "dead" in those sinners but is also asserted to be "crucified" and "mocked" by them. But examine yourself as well and ask, when you have avaricious thoughts and desire to despoil others, if you are ever able to say that "Christ lives in me." If you have thoughts of defilement, if you are harassed by fury, if you are inflamed with envy and aroused with jealousy, if you revel in drunkenness, if you are exalted with pride, or if you act with cruelty, will you be able to say in all of these things that "Christ lives in me"? Christ is dead in sinners, therefore, because no justice, no patience, no truth, nor anything else that Christ is operates within them. But for saints, on the other hand, Christ is said to be the one who enacts whatever they do, as the apostle declares: "I can do all things in him who strengthens me, Christ."

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 2.1

• Judges 2:11

  It was the ancients who did this, of course, but because what was written is said to be "written for our sake, to whom the end of the ages has arrived," not on their account, we should watch lest these sayings are seen to be true of more of us than of them. Do you want to see that such things are applied to us through the apostle, rather than through me? Listen for yourself to what he said: "What does Scripture say about how Elijah interceded with God against Israel? 'Lord, they killed your prophets, they destroyed your altars, and I am left alone and they seek my soul.' But what was the divine response? 'I preserved for myself seven thousand men who did not bend the knee to Baal,' " then the apostle adds " 'thus, in this time also a remnant chosen by grace is saved,' " You can see, therefore, that those who "bent the knee to Baal" and those who "did not bend the knee" are understood by the apostle as the multitude of unbelievers and the remnant of believers, respectively. This demonstrates, then, that those who lived in unbelief and impiety at the time of the Savior also "bent the knee to Baal" and worshiped idols, whereas those who believed and fulfilled the works of faith "did not bend the knee to Baal." It is never mentioned in the historical books or in the Gospels or in any other book of Scripture that some at the time of the Savior did in fact bend the knee to idols, but such an act is indeed attributed to those persons who were bound by their sins, as though held by fetters. Whenever we sin and "are taken captive to the law of sin," therefore, we "bend our knees to Baal." But we are not called to this, nor do we believe in this, such that we would again become servants of sin and again "bend the knee" to the devil. Instead, our calling and the purpose of our faith is both to bend the knee at the name of Jesus, for "at the name of Jesus, every knee bends in heaven and on earth and in hell," and to bend the knee to "the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named."

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 2.3

• Judges 2:12-14

  As long as a people serves God, they are not "delivered into the hands of plunderers." But when they "abandon the Lord" and begin to serve their own passions, then it is said of them that "God gave them over to shameful passions" and, again, "He gave them over to a reprobate mind, that they would do unsuitable things." Why? Because, he says, "they were filled with every iniquity, wickedness, fornication, greed" and all other evils. It was because "they served and worshiped Baal and Ashtaroth" that "God delivered them into the hands of plunderers and handed them over to their enemies." This, as I have often said before, the Jews read as though it were merely a record of past events. We, however, "for whose sake this was written," it is said, ought to know that if we sin against the Lord and against our own souls by indulging the desires of the flesh as though we were worshiping our God, we also betray ourselves and concede our apostolic authority into the hands of Zebulun. Listen, then, to [Paul] speaking about one who sins: "I delivered this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that his spirit might be saved." You can see, therefore, that it was not only through his apostles that God "delivered" sinners "over to their enemies," but even now, through those who govern the church and have the power not only of releasing but also of binding, sinners "are delivered for the destruction of the flesh" when they are separated from the body of Christ for their crimes.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 2.5

• Judges 3:8

  Now Chusarsaton's name is translated as "humiliation." They were delivered, then, to the hands of one who would humiliate them. And it was because they acted wickedly on the heights of the mountains against the Most High that he sent them to their humiliation. But I don't want you to think that it is only in relation to the ancients that divine providence delivers those who were exalted in wickedness for the purpose of humiliating them and that they may be healed by such a wholesome remedy. Presently as well, almighty God's healing providence is [not] lacking in relation to his church. Even now, there is a "Chusarsaton king of Mesopotamia" to whom souls are handed over for humiliation and affliction, souls who had moved themselves from despised Christian humility into pride and arrogance. The vice of pride is utterly hateful in the sight of God, for, as Scripture says, "pride is the beginning of departure from God" and, again, "God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble."

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 3.1

• Judges 3:9

  It calls the savior "Othniel," which means "the time of God for me." Through this first Othniel, then, the people were delivered from their humiliating servility and were restored to peace rather than having their longstanding pride and various deeds removed. But because we already said that a certain spiritual identity can be found in King Chusarsaton as one of the adversaries and a prince of the "powers of the air," it seems to me fitting to say that Othniel likewise, who was raised up to deliver the people, is a member of the "host of heaven" and of the throng of archangels who "are sent to support those who receive the inheritance of salvation." These angels are saviors, moreover, designated under the form of Othniel or Ehud, for, as we have often shown, we do not fight alone against the powers of the enemy, but good forces and powers are also sent to our aid by the Lord.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 3.3

• Judges 3:15-21

  Let's observe how Ehud, whose name means "praise," discharged his leadership. History teaches us, in its writings about King Eglon, how this most wise Ehud with particular skill and, if I may say, cunning but praiseworthy deception, would kill the tyrant Eglon, whose name means "round" or "circular." It was necessary, then, to have the quality of judges of our people as was this Ehud, whose name means "praise," so to cut through all his rolling motion and circuit of evil ways and to destroy the king of the Moabites. But Moabite is translated as "flow" or "effusion." Who can the ruler or leader of this flowing and dissolute people be seen or understood to be, therefore, other than the word of that philosophy which adjudges pleasure to be the highest good, a philosophy which the word of the gospel, which has been compared to a sword, killed and destroyed? And this prophetic word would become enclosed within their belly and lowest stomach by means of the "ambidextrous" judge's arguments, to extinguish the Moabites by assertion of the truth, enclosing also every sense of perverse doctrine and dull understanding "which extols itself and rises against the spiritual knowledge of Christ," so that by acting thus and by doing battle with the word of God, each judge of the church may also become a praising Ehud, about whom the Lord would say, "Well done, good and faithful servant; you have been faithful over a few, so I will set you over many."

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 4.1

• Judges 4:21

  What, therefore, does the web of all this mystical history show us? The woman Jael, that foreigner about whom Deborah's prophecy said that victory would be had "through the hand of a woman," symbolizes the church, which was assembled from foreign nations. But Jael's name means "ascent," for truly there is no route whereby one may ascend into heaven except "through the church of the manifold wisdom of God." She, therefore, while ascending from the corporeal to the spiritual and from the earthly to the heavenly, killed Sisera, who, as we have already said above, symbolizes the man of carnal or animal vices, for Sisera's name means "vision of a horse," concerning which Scripture teaches: "Do not become like horses and mules, in which there is no understanding." She killed him with a stake, then, which is to say that she overthrew him by the power and cunning of the wood of the cross. Nor is it without reason that the stake is described as having pierced his jaws, for that mouth which spoke of carnal things and that doctrine which preferred the glory of the flesh, deceiving and persuading the human race, by secular wisdom and by the idolatry of comfort, to live for selfish delights and pleasure, that very mouth, I say, is pierced and penetrated by the wood of the cross, in as much as the "broad and easy way" of pleasure which is preached by philosophy has been exposed by Christ, who showed that the "way of our salvation is narrow and difficult." [Thus], Jael the church sent Sisera the king of vices to his everlasting sleep covered with skins, that is, lulled to sleep by the mortification of his members.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 5.5

• Judges 5:1-3

  The fourth song is in the book of Judges. Concerning it there is written, "And Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam sang on that day, saying, 'That the princes took the lead in Israel, that the people offered themselves willingly, bless the Lord! Hear, O kings, give ear, O governors!' " and the rest. And the person who sings this ought to be a bee, whose product is used by kings and ordinary people for their health. For "Deborah," who sings this song, means "bee." Moreover, Barak is with her; and his name means "flashing." And this song is sung after a victory, because no one can sing of what is perfect unless he has conquered his adversaries. Furthermore, it is said in this song, "Awake, awake, Deborah! Stir up the thousands of the people. Awake, awake, utter a song! Awake, Barak!" But you will find these matters more fully discussed in the homilies we have given on the book of Judges.

  COMMENTARY ON THE SONG OF SONGS, PROLOGUE

• Judges 5:3

  Hear, O kings. She names them "kings" who are called together to hear the word of God. You should rejoice, people of God, at this emblem of your nobility. It is not as just any people that you are called to hear the word of God, but as a king, for to you it was said, "You are a royal, priestly race, a people for God's possession." Because you are kings, therefore, Christ our Lord is rightly called the "King of kings and the Lord of lords." However, as you revel in this title of your nobility, you should also learn what each one of you must do to be a king. Let me outline it for you briefly. You are made a king if Christ reigns in you, for he is called a king by reigning. If also in you, therefore, the soul reigns and the body submits, if you put the concupiscence of the flesh under of yoke of your command, if you subdue every kind of vice by the tight bridle of your sobriety, then you who know how to reign are also rightly called a "king."

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 6.3

• Judges 6:1

  The "land was at rest" as long as sin was at rest. But the land is said to be disturbed, meaning those who inhabit the land, when the souls of the people began to move and to dislocate in sin. This is why the text was written this way: "The land was at rest for forty years. And the sons of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord, and the Lord delivered them into the hand of Midian for seven years. And Midian ruled over Israel." As long as there was justice in the land, therefore, that is, in those who inhabited the land, the land is said to be at rest. But when iniquity arose and "they did evil in the sight of the Lord," then the Lord is said to have delivered them into the hand of Midian for seven years. Nor are the Midianites said to have ruled over the people of the Lord as long as they observed the commandments of the Lord. But when they began to neglect the divine mandates, the hand of their enemy became stronger and more powerful against them. Yet, whereas their bodily enemies arose and strengthened against them when the first people failed, against us, on the other hand, who are called the spiritual Israel, a spiritual enemy will arise and the hand of demons will be strengthened when we neglect the commandments of God and hold the precepts of Christ in contempt, and we will be delivered to our own enemies when we forsake God's grace.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 7.1

• Judges 6:36-40

  But now let's see why, in the first sign, "dew fell upon the fleece, whereas the ground was dry," and in the second sign, "dew fell upon the ground, while the fleece remained dry," an indication which Gideon accepted as a pledge that the Lord would save Israel through his hand. The rationale for this mystery is to be seen in what I remember from one of our preceding books, which characterized the people of Israel as a "fleece," with the surrounding ground being the Gentiles, while the dew that fell "upon the fleece" was the word of God written for this people alone. For only to Israel did the dew of the divine law arrive, whereas all the surrounding nations remained dry, none of them being infused with the moisture of divine locution. In the second sign, however, where he asked that the dew fall on the ground and that the fleece remain dry, a completely different rationale can be observed. We should see this entire people, who were gathered together from nations around the world, now having within themselves the divine dew; see them infused with the dew of Moses, irrigated by the word of the prophets; see them green from evangelical and apostolic water. The fleece, however, that is, the Jewish people, suffers aridity and dryness in the word of God, according to which it is written: "The children of Israel will be for a long time without king, without prince, without prophet; they will have no altar, no victim, no sacrifice." You can see how they remain arid, how they are stricken with drought of the word of God.… Even the seventy-first psalm, as I have often discussed with them, moves me to this conclusion because, when it describes the advent of Christ, it foretells his coming as rain on a fleece and as showers on the earth. Here in Judges a fleece is mentioned and in the psalm, also, "fleece" is the word chosen. For he will "descend like rain," it says, "on a fleece." He descends, therefore, on that fleece of the people of circumcision and "like showers upon the earth," meaning that our Lord Jesus Christ descends on the remainder of the earth, dripping upon us and bringing the "dew of heaven" to us Gentiles also, that we too may drink who were on the previously arid surrounding land.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 8.4

• Judges 7:3

  Does not the leader of our army, the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, call out now to his soldiers and say, Whoever is "fearful and anxious of heart," let him not come to war with me? For this is also what he says in the Gospels in other words but with the same meaning: "Whoever does not take his own cross and come after me is not worthy of me," and again: "Whoever does not renounce all that he has cannot be my disciple." Is not Christ thus culling out the fearful and anxious and sending them from his camp?… But don't let such a life of warfare turn you away; there really is nothing difficult, nothing arduous or impossible in it.

  HOMILIES ON JUDGES 9.1

• Judges 11:35-36

  The remaining sacrifices, of which those relating to the law are a symbol, are akin to this sacrifice. But in addition, the other sacrifices akin to this sacrifice seem to me to be the shedding of the blood of the noble martyrs. It was not in vain that the disciple John saw them standing beside the heavenly altar. "But who is wise, that he shall understand these things? Or intelligent, and he shall know them?"3Now comprehend, even if to a limited extent, the more spiritual sense of such sacrifices which cleanse those for whom they are offered; one must understand the sense of the sacrifice of the daughter of Jephthah who was offered as a burnt offering because of the vow of him who conquered the children of Ammon. She who was offered as a burnt offering consented to this vow, for, when her father said, "I have opened my mouth to the Lord against you," she said to him, "And if you have opened your mouth to the Lord against me, perform your vow." Such accounts give an appearance of great cruelty to God to whom such sacrifices are offered for humanity's salvation. We need a generous and perceptive spirit in order to refute the reproaches made against providence and, at the same time, to make a defense of all the sacrifices insofar as they are rather mysterious and beyond human nature.

  COMMENTARY ON THE GOSPEL OF JOHN 6.276-78

• Judges 16:30

  The Spirit, therefore, "asks" and "intercedes," but we "pray." And Joshua's words commanding the sun to stand over [Gibeon] seem to me to be an intercession also.… And in Judges, Samson in my opinion said in intercession: "Let me die with the foreigners—when he bent in his strength and the house fell upon the princes and all the people that were there." Even though it is not written that Joshua and Samson "interceded" but that they "said," nevertheless their words seem to be an "intercession," which we must judge to be different from a "prayer," if we are to give words their proper meaning.

  ON PRAYER 14.5